In honor of The Shadow over August, I thought I'd do something a little different with my weekly "The Articles of Dragon" series. Instead of continuing to highlight articles that I remember or that made a strong impression on me – good or bad – from my youth, I'm instead going to spend this month focusing on Dragon articles that touch upon H.P. Lovecraft, his Cthulhu Mythos, or related topics. Interestingly, nearly all these articles come from before I was even involved in the hobby, let alone reading Dragon regularly. While I can't say for certain why that might be, I have a theory that I'll discuss later in this post.
The "From the Sorcerer's Scroll" column is nowadays associated with Gary Gygax, but its first three appearances (starting with issue #11 in December 1977) were penned by Rob Kuntz. Furthermore, the second of these initial columns, entitled "The Lovecraftian Mythos in Dungeons & Dragons," is, in fact, largely the work of J. Eric Holmes with additions by Kuntz. In his brief introduction to the article, Kuntz explains that the material is intended to be "compatible with Dungeons & Dragons Supplement IV 'Gods, Demigods & Heroes'." It's also meant to satisfy both "Lovecraft enthusiasts" and those "not familiar with the Cthulhu cycle."
From the beginning, it's immediately clear that, despite its title, much of what follows in the article is not authentically Lovecraftian but owes more to August Derleth's idiosyncratic interpretation of HPL's work. For example:
The Great Old Ones of the Cthulhu Mythos are completely evil and often times chaotic. They were banished or sealed away by the Elder Gods.Now is not the time to relitigate the case of Lovecraft v. Derleth, which is a much more complex and nuanced discussion than many people, myself included, have often made it out to be. However, I bring this up simply to provide context for what follows. In February 1978, when issue #12 of Dragon appeared, Lovecraft scholarship was, much like that of Robert E. Howard, still in very much in its infancy, with the popular conceptions of both writers and their literary output still very much in the thrall of pasticheurs like Derleth, L. Sprague de Camp, Lin Carter, etc. With that in mind, we can look at the article itself.
"touch upon H.P. Lovecraft", not "touch up H.P. Lovecraft". Slightly different meanings!
ReplyDeleteI have corrected the error. Thanks for pointing it out.
DeleteIt's interesting from the perspective of today that there seemed to be a "gentleman's agreement" (I know there were some legal wranglings too) for years that the Cthulhu Mythos was Chaosium's turf.
ReplyDeleteBut now we have Call of Cthulhu, Trail of Cthulhu, Cthulhu Dark, Cthulhu Hack, Stealing Cthulhu, Achtung Cthulhu, Delta Green, Cthulhu Awakens, Arkham Horror the RPG of the card game of the board game of the RPG, Savage Worlds Cthulhu, and umpteen others I've forgotten.
I wonder what changed? It's surely not just HPL's work entering the public domain in some countries.
IMO, it's a combination of things: HPL's works are now public domain, the internet, and increased research/scholarship into HPL's writings.
DeleteThe legal argument, even in Deities & Demigods debacle, was weak. Lovecraft was very unique, in that he virtually wrote into the public domain on first printing. He openly and enthusiastically invited writers to "play in his space." The Lovecraft Circle was a very early, if not the earliest, "open source" project. If Clark Ashton Smith, Robert E. Howard, Howard Lovecraft, and the youngins like Derleth and Robert Bloch had all worked independently of one another, it is highly likely that absolutely none of their work would be at all influential today.
DeleteThink about this: Lovecraft never had a radio adaptation of his work until the "old time radio" revival horror show The Black Mass, which was an academic/historic project started in the mid-sixties. The first acknowledged television adaptation was I think in Night Gallery in 1973 or so, and the first movie was The Haunted Palace - a Roger Corman picture in the early sixties, that was promoted as one of his Edgar Allan Poe movies. Lovecraft was SO unknown in the popular culture, 20 years after his death, that the literal plot of "The Case of Charles Dexter Ward" had to be delivered via Trojan Horse!
Arkham House was a small press that had kept Lovecraft's work afloat, but the company had begun initial bankruptcy queries by 1960. Separate from Arkham House, publisher Donald M. Grant began a pulp "Time-Lost" series, that was the chief driver of Robert E. Howard's revival. The revival of Hyperborea snagged Lovecraft in the process of course, and suddenly the cluster of relatively cheap, dead authors were available for the paperback novel and b-movie boom.
Lovecraftiana wouldn't have captured Corman's attention were it not for Howard, but once it did (and The Black Palace did quite well for a low-budget Vincent Price vehicle - like all Corman pictures in his career, it finished in the black by enough of a margin to fully fund his next picture.)
So, Chaosium really didn't have the strongest corner on the publication rights to a game based on a collaborative, public domain set piece. Rob Kuntz clearly used Lovecraft as a minor, but loose creative influence in his campaigns: the clearest "Lovecraftian" artifact that I can find is the minor relic "The Silver Key of Portals" that he bestowed on Mordenkainen. And the article and correspondence over the Mythos reads - at least to me - more like a fanciful excuse to bring up Lovecraft, rather than practical advice for infusing Lovecraft into the game.
My point is that Lovecraft wasn't worth it to TSR to keep up a fight that they very well may have won. Combine that with the complex explosion in D&D's popularity driven in no small part (as well as culturally burdened ) by the sensationalized yet wholly unrelated Egbert missing person case, and a desire to maintain at least a professional courtesy-level relationship with Chaosium, and the Great Lovecraft Erasure makes sense.
“Cthulhu, for example, has only AC 2 and 200hp and fights like a 15th-level fighter.”
ReplyDeleteSo, how much damage does a ship piloted by a Norwegian sailor “of some intelligence” do? (Lovecraft surely intended that descriptor as a tip-off to Johansen’s high level.)
Amazing! I'm going to have to get a hold of this issue of Dragon. Byakhee more powerful than shoggoth? Definitely counterintuitive for me!
ReplyDeleteDereleth's Byakhee can travel at light-speed, and Lovecraft's can be mounted and fly into poison cataracts, and - importantly - have survived in great numbers to the present day. The Shoggoth is landbound and very nearly extinct in 192X, even by Lovecraft's standard. What's remarkable about the Shoggoth is not its endurance, but that the mindless slave was able to rebel against the Elder Things. Even in CoC, the byakhee can travel at 400 times light-speed, I believe.
ReplyDeleteIn a fistfight, I personally would rather have to face a shoggoth.
Last night I dug out my copy of DDG to compare with this article, and they’re really not that different. Cthulhu’s AC is still 2, though his HP has doubled. Except for Yig, the list of Great Old Ones is the same. And a lot of text from the article was reused (without mention of Holmes, from what I saw). But the Byakhee were nerfed for the DDG and the shoggoths buffed.
ReplyDeleteThe first illustration in the DDG’s Cthulhu section looks like it’s signed “OOL”. Does anyone know who that could be?